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singleton set – Taylor series
singleton set
A set with exactly one element.
singular cardinal
A cardinal that is not regular.
space
Any abstract set with a structure defined on it, such as an order relation, metric, etc.
Cf. Euclidean space, Hilbert space, metric space, topological space.
sphere
A closed surface, all points of which are equidistant from a given point, called the center.
In 3-dimensional Euclidean space, the equation of a sphere of radius r and center (h, j, k) is
The term sphere may also refer to the solid bounded by this surface, and the interior is then called the open sphere of radius r.
More generally, a sphere may be defined as the set of points in n-dimensional space (or any metric space) equidistant from a given point. The unit sphere in n-dimensional space is typically denoted S n - 1. Thus, the unit sphere in ordinary 3-space is denoted S2, and the unit circle in the plane is denoted S1.
stationary set
If a is an ordinal, a set S in a is called stationary if S has non-empty intersection with every closed unbounded subset of a.
Stone-Weierstrass Theorem
If X is a compact space and C(X) denotes the space of all continuous functions on X, and A is an algebra of functions in C(X) which separates the points of C(X) and which contains a constant function f not identically zero, then A is dense in C(X).
subbase
In a topological space, a subbase is a collection of sets, the collection of all finite intersections of which constitutes a base.
subset
A set A is a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B. If in addition B is a subset of A, then A = B, but if not then A may be said to be a proper subset of B.
Cf. superset.
sumset
Given a set A, the sumset of A, denoted by
is the set containing all of the elements of the elements of A, that is, it is the union of the elements of A.
sumset axiom
An axiom of set theory which states that if A is any set, then the sumset of A is also a set.
sup
Abbreviation of supremum.
superset
A set A is a superset of a set B if every element of B is an element of A.
Cf. subset.
supremum
The supremum of any subset of a linearly ordered set is the least upper bound of the subset. In particular, the supremum of any set of numbers is the smallest number in the set which is greater than or equal to every number in the set. In a complete linear order the supremum of any bounded set always exists.
Cf. infimum, least upper bound axiom.
surjection
A surjective function, i.e., a function that maps at least one element of its domain to each element of its range.
Cf. injection, bijection.
surjective
A function f from a set X to a set Y is surjective, also called “onto,” if to each element y of Y there is an element x of X such that f maps x to y, i.e., f (x)=y. Compare: injective, bijective.
Suslin tree
Set Theory: For a an infinite cardinal, an a-Suslin tree is a tree T such that |T| = a, and every chain and every antichain of T has cardinality less than a.
Cf. Aronszajn tree.
symbolic logic
Logic reduced to syntax, i.e., which works only with uninterpreted symbols. The two most often used kinds of symbolic logic are the propositional calculus and the predicate calculus.
symmetric difference
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B is the set of those elements that are in either A or B but not both.
Cf. intersection, union.
symmetric relation
A relation “ ~ ” on a set X is symmetric if for any two elements x and y in X we have x ~ y if and only if y ~ x. The relation “ ~ ” is called asymmetric if for any two elements x and y we have that x ~ y implies it is not true that y ~ x, and it is called antisymmetric if whenever x ~ y and y ~ x then x = y. Note that a relation may be neither symmetric, asymmetric, nor antisymmetric.
Cf. reflexive relation, transitive relation.
Tarski Truth Theorem
Let T be a mathematical theory. Denote formulas of T by j, y, etc., and let T j be the statement that “the sentence j is true in T ” Choose a canonical numbering of the formulas of T (e.g., Gödel numbering) that assigns to each sentence of T a unique positive integer, and denote the positive integer associated with a sentence j by ‘j’. Then there is no formula y in T such that y(‘j’) Tj.
In other words, “truth” in a theory T is not definable in T.
Taylor series
Given a function having derivatives of all orders, the Taylor series of the function is given by
where f (k)(a) is the kth derivative of f at a. A function is equal to its Taylor series if and only if its error term Rn can be made arbitrarily small, where
It can be shown that
for some c between a and x.
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